![]() The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH. The fight-or-flight reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. ![]() When a horse reacts to a threat, it may initially "freeze" in preparation to take flight. The fight-or-flight response involves nervous impulses which result in hormone secretions into the bloodstream. Many of the horse's natural behavior patterns, such as herd-formation and social facilitation of activities, are directly related to their being a prey species. If running is not possible, the horse resorts to biting, kicking, striking or rearing to protect itself. Humans have removed many predators from the life of the domestic horse however, its first instinct when frightened is to escape. ![]() This survival mechanism still exists in the modern domestic horse. Horses evolved from small mammals whose survival depended on their ability to flee from predators (for example: wolves, big cats, bears). These techniques vary, but are part of the art of horse training. Horses' instincts can be used to human advantage to create a bond between human and horse. On the other hand, most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness, and endurance building on natural qualities that extended from their wild ancestors. Through selective breeding, some breeds of horses have been bred to be quite docile, particularly certain large draft horses. Humans domesticated horses thousands of years ago, and they have been used by humans ever since. Nonetheless, because of their physiology horses are also suited to a number of work and entertainment-related tasks. Their first reaction to a threat is often to flee, although sometimes they stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is untenable, such as when a foal would be threatened. Horse behavior is best understood from the view that horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight response. JSTOR ( March 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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